Sediment Grain Size Chart for Rocks

Sediment Grain Size Chart for Rocks The grain sizes of sediments and sedimentary rocks are a matter of great interest to geologists. Different size sediment grains form different types of rocks and can reveal information about the landform and environment of an area from millions of years prior. Types of Sediment Grains Sediments are classified by their method of erosion as either clastic or chemical. Chemical sediment is broken down through chemical weathering  with transportation, a process known as corrosion, or without. That chemical sediment is then suspended in a solution until it precipitates. Think of what happens to a glass of saltwater that has been sitting out in the sun.   Clastic sediments are broken down through mechanical means, like abrasion from wind, water or ice. They are what most people think of when mentioning sediment; things like sand, silt, and clay. Several physical properties are used to describe sediment, like shape (sphericity), roundness and grain size. Of these properties, grain size is arguably the most important. It can help a geologist interpret the geomorphic setting (both present and historical) of a site, as well as whether the sediment was transported there from regional or local settings. Grain size determines just how far a piece of sediment can travel before coming to a halt.   Clastic sediments form a wide range of rocks, from mudstone to conglomerate, and soil depending on their grain size. Within many of these rocks, the sediments are clearly distinguishableespecially with a little help from a magnifier.   Sediment Grain Sizes The Wentworth scale was published in 1922 by Chester K. Wentworth, modifying an earlier scale by Johan A. Udden. Wentworths grades and sizes were later supplemented by William Krumbeins phi or logarithmic scale, which transforms the millimeter number by taking the negative of its logarithm in base 2 to yield simple whole numbers. The following is a simplified version of the much more detailed USGS version.   Millimeters Wentworth Grade Phi (ÃŽ ¦) Scale 256 Boulder –8 64 Cobble –6 4 Pebble –2 2 Granule –1 1 Very coarse sand 0 1/2 Coarse sand 1 1/4 Medium sand 2 1/8 Fine sand 3 1/16 Very fine sand 4 1/32 Coarse silt 5 1/64 Medium silt 6 1/128 Fine silt 7 1/256 Very fine silt 8 1/256 Clay 8 The size fraction larger than sand (granules, pebbles, cobbles. and boulders) is collectively called gravel, and the size fraction smaller than sand (silt and clay) is collectively called mud.   Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks form whenever these sediments are deposited and lithified and can be classified based on the size of their grains. Gravel forms coarse rocks with grains over 2 mm in size. If the fragments are rounded, they form conglomerate, and if they are angular, they form breccia.Sand, as you may guess, forms sandstone. Sandstone is medium-grained, meaning its fragments are between 1/16 mm and 2 mm.  Silt forms fine-grained siltstone, with fragments between 1/16 mm and 1/256 mm.  Anything less than 1/256 mm results in either claystone or mudstone. Two types of mudstone are shale and argillite, which is shale that has undergone very low-grade metamorphism.   Geologists determine grain sizes in the field using printed cards called comparators, which usually have a millimeter scale, phi scale, and angularity chart. They are especially useful for larger sediment grains.  In the laboratory, comparators are supplemented by standard sieves.

Amazon Self-Publishing Royalties Heres What You Need to Know

Amazon Self-Publishing Royalties Heres What You Need to Know Amazon Self-Publishing Royalties and Costs: Here's What You Need to Know If you’re reading this post, you’re probably already familiar with Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP), Amazon’s self-publishing service for indie authors. But you may be somewhat less familiar with the mechanics of Amazon self-publishing royalties: how much authors get paid, when they receive payments, and of course, how much Amazon takes out of those payments for things like printing/delivery costs.We’ll answer cover all these topics and more in our pithy primer on Amazon self-publishing costs and royalties! Let’s start with one of the most commonly asked questions, for KDP authors wondering when they can expect their share of profits. Everything you ever wanted to know about Amazon royalties! 🠤‘ When does Amazon pay royalties to authors? 🕑Amazon starts paying royalties 60 days after the first sale is made, with further payments coming through every month. Depending on where you do your banking, you can elect to be paid through direct deposit - also known as Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) - wire transfer, or check. However, no matter which avenue you go down, there’s no way to receive your royalties any sooner than 60 days. So if you have bills to pay, make sure you’re not counting on your royalties coming in right away.In terms of which payment method is best for you, you should know that there’s no payment threshold for direct deposit. For check and wire payments, you’ll be paid only after you make a certain amount in royalties (for instance, $100 in USD and CAD and  £100 in the UK). See the full list of payment thresholds here.Now let’s talk about the program’s ebook and print royalty plans - which, as you can imagine , are pretty different from one another.How do ebook royalties work? 📠±Amazon offers two ebook royalty plans: the 70% option and the 35% option. To be eligible for the 70% plan, you’ll need to do all of the following:Publish something that’s not in the public domain.Price your ebook between $2.99 and $9.99. This price also needs to be at least 20% lower than the lowest list price for a print version.Pay for file delivery. This doesn’t require any extra effort on your part - the delivery fees are automatically deducted from your royalty payments.Keep in mind that only books sold to customers in certain countries are eligible for the 70% plan. Additional copies sold outside those territories will go on the 35%. Don’t worry, the 70%-eligible territories include all the big Anglophone markets - the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand - in addition to several others, primarily in the EU. If you enroll in KDP Select, the list expands to include Brazil, India, Japan, and Mexico.How do print royalties work? 📘For those thinking about self-publishing a print book, Amazon offers two distribution tiers for self-published paperbacks. Each comes with its own royalty structure, and in both cases, the cost of printing the book is deducted from royalty payments.If you go through the regular Amazon-only distribution channels, you can expect 60% of the list price for every paperback sold. But if you distribute your book through Amazon’s Expanded Distribution plan to non-Amazon retailers, like Barnes Noble and Books-a-Million, you’ll be looking at 40% instead. (In lieu of opting into this plan, we recommend using IngramSpark for expanded distribution. You can read more about why here.)The cost of self-publishing on Amazon 💠°Unlike vanity presses, which make authors pay for publication, Amazon won’t charge you any money upfront to self-publish your book. Instead, delivery costs (for ebooks) and print ing costs (for paperbacks) are subtracted from your royalties. Let’s break the cost of Amazon self-publishing down below.What are the ebook delivery costs?If you’re on the 70% royalty plan, ebook delivery costs will be deducted from your royalty payments. They vary depending on the currency used. For instance, you’re looking at $0.15 per megabyte in USD and CAD, and  £0.10 per megabyte in GBP. This cost is waived if you select the 35% royalty plan - which may be a boon if you want to set a high price for your book anyway (as the 70% royalty plan requires it to be lower than $9.99).What are the paperback printing costs?As for the printing costs associated with self-published paperbacks, those depend on A) your book’s page count, and B) whether you choose to print in black-and-white or in full color. Don’t worry, you won’t have to figure this out yourself - Amazon calculates your printing cost and displays it for you as you’re uploa ding your book to the platform. It will also suggest a minimum list price to ensure that your book sells for enough to cover the cost of printing.Your printing cost is calculated according to the following formula (where fixed cost depends on your page count and ink type):Fixed cost + (page count x cost per individual page)You can find fixed costs in USD in the following table:Paperback specificationsFixed costAdditional cost per pageBlack ink with 24-108 pages$2.15 per bookNoneBlack ink with 110-828 pages$0.85 per book$0.012 per pageColor ink with 24-40 pages$3.65 per bookNoneColor ink with 42-500 pages$0.85 per book$0.07 per pageTo give you a sense of how the calculation works, Amazon would charge $4.45 per copy to print a 300-page paperback in black-and-white, because $0.85 + (300 x $0.012) = $4.45. You can read more about Amazon printing costs here.What about other costs?Of course, the print and delivery costs that come out of your royalties don’t include all the optional expenses you may incur if you want to put out a high-quality, professional-looking volume. The full suite of services like editing and cover design can set you back a couple thousand dollars. And that doesn’t even factor in marketing costs - which can include Facebook advertising, Amazon’s native ads, and any other external promotions you want to run.This doesn’t mean it’s impossible to save when self-publishing. For instance, while you may have had to pay for typesetting previously, apps like the Reedsy Book Editor allow you to format your book for free. There are also some book promotion services that will list your book free of charge, though keep in mind their submissions can be competitive. If you really want to cut costs, you can even self-edit and design your own cover, though we wouldn’t recommend this unless you already know a lot about design.At the end of the day, the best way to save on self-publishing is to stay informed. The more yo u know about the costs, royalties, and other aspects of various publishing plans, the more cost-effective (and generally effective!) your path will be. To that end, here are a few more resources you might want to check out:How Much Does It Cost to Self-Publish a Book in 2019?The 13 Best Self-Publishing Companies of 2019What Is the Best Service for Print on Demand Books?The Complete Guide to Ebook DistributionWe hope this post helped you understand Amazon self-publishing royalties and costs a little better! However, if you still have questions, leave them in the comments and we’ll answer to the best of our ability.

WAN Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WAN Technology - Research Paper Example Moreover, like any business ABC Inc cannot afford problems with the network connectivity due to low reliability since it would affect the customers and the business directly. Given the constraints on security and reliability there is little doubt that the solution for ABC Inc is a private WAN connection. A dedicated private WAN would cost ABC Inc far more than using packet switched connectivity. It is common for multiple businesses to be using the same private WAN with packed switched connectivity since it affords the amount of reliability and security needed by businesses without entailing the extra cost of a dedicated private WAN (O’Brien & Marakas, 2009). Moreover, it is highly likely that the private WAN used by ABC Inc would utilize the frame relay protocol since it is more widely implemented than the X2.5 protocol (Cisco, 2012). Using frame relay protocol would provide ABC Inc the required amount of reliability and security for its private WAN

PERSONAL STATEMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Personal Statement Example I therefore truly believe that I can easily take up the challenge of intellectual rigor and effort required to not only complete a degree in Law but also excel when I finally establish my practice and become a successful lawyer to serve the community. The fact that I did bi-majors and am already doing two jobs at the position of President and Vice President besides serving as volunteer for community, I truly believe that I have the required skills and abilities to deal with the challenges to study and excel in the field of law. With some experience on my back and a history of working with the community and general public, I believe that I can be an effective and great lawyer. My experience in managing people and having first hand understanding of working with the community makes me a stronger choice as a candidate for the admission in this law program. My ultimate aim is to achieve a PhD in law and with that I believe I will be able to pay back to the society and further contribute towards it. I volunteer for a club which is looking after the people who are victims of domestic violence. I believe with my knowledge of law I would be better equipped to volunteer and help the community to deal with the issues of domestic violence. However, I would also attempt to take my law degree and learning to the next level within my existing work as I am drawn to the world where dealing with people, writing up and managing contracts and fulfilling other legal requirements are the norms of the business. On a personal level, however, I feel that I faced certain challenges especially when I was growing up. The family issues, verbal and physical fights between my parents made it extremely challenging for me to actually study and concentrate. The period during my college days was relatively tough for me to deal with however, I was successfully able to overcome this challenge and become what I am now and what I want to become in

S.T.C. Inc. Telecommunications :: essays research papers

S.T.C. Inc. Telecommunications Improvement and Cost Cutting Effort Outline  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction to IPT ( IP Telephony)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trends in IP Telephony  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost Savings Model  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost Saving Description  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost Savings Chart  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost saving Comparison  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Annual Estimated Savings  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IPT Structure and Vendor  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Infrastructure  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IP Phones  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Call Manager  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voice Applications  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Graphic depiction  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Migration and coexistence  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion S.T.C. Inc. Telecommunications Improvement and Cost Cutting Effort Introduction This is the initial feasibility study for the upgrade of the S.T.C. Inc. (Small Technical Company Incorporated) network in conjunction with the office move. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the upgrade to be done on the telecommunications system recommending the most cost effective solutions on the market today. After this report a project will be started to implement the recommended solution. The deliverable for this paper will be an implement able cost effective telecommunication solution. S.T.C. Inc. will acquire the hardware necessary to support and run the new system and programming changes will be performed by outside vendors. Internet Telephony Service Providers (ITSP) may use a single infrastructure for providing both, Internet access and Internet telephony. Only data-oriented switches could be deployed for switching data as well as packetized voice. Multiplexing data and voice could also result in better bandwidth utilization than in today's over-engineered voice-or-n othing links. (www.iptel.org), 2004. The business benefits of this type of infrastructure are increased productivity, grater business flexibility and reduced operational costs. (www.cisco.com),2004 Trends in IP Telephony IP telephony is the technology for transmitting voice communications over a network using IP open standards and it uses a single network for the transmission of data, voice and video. There are currently many devices which use similar technologies to accomplish this tasks. Companies in today’s economy are looking for ways to reduce the cost of doing business and IP telephony provide this opportunity. IP telephony will continue to see tremendous activity and make incredible gains in the enterprise space. Until the service providers work their way through all that excess inventory, and are once again ready to research new technology, you can rest assured that next-generation telephony will be busy gaining traction in the enterprise market.(www.tcnet.com,2004) Cost Savings Model Analog and digital based phone systems that use a different set of communication protocols but similar cables to connect to a POP (Point Of Presence) are a very familiar site. These are present not only in home setting, but also in large industrial and office application. These applications in a very large scale are very expensive not only to maintain but also for the reoccurring cost associated with the monthly usage and fees charged to the customer by the service provider.

Raymond’s Run: POV change of Hazel Essay

Raymond’s Run is a story written by Toni Cade Bambara who describes the events that take place in the life of a skinny girl named Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker, a little African-American girl with a squeaky voice (which gives her the nickname â€Å"Squeaky†) that has passion to run. In this story Hazel changes her views about things a lot in this story. Such as her POV on Raymond, Gretchen and others in general/ Raymond suffers a metal disease. He’s bigger and older than Hazel, but a lot of people call him Hazel’s little brother because he needs to be looked after. â€Å"Squeaky† often takes strolls down Broadway so she can practice her breathing exercises while she keeps an eye on her brother all the time. She makes Raymond walk on the inside because he always makes fantasies so he starts thinking he’s a circus performer and that the curb is a tightrope strung high in the air. Hazel used to thing She hates a girl named Gretchen and her friends Mary Louise Williams from Baltimore because Gretchen’s a rival for the fifty-yard dash. She believes â€Å"she’s tough, not a strawberry or someone who enjoys dancing on her toes, she likes to run and this passion had made her to win many trophies, ribbons and it’s because of her velocity.† She says in this story. Every time just before she takes off in a race, she feels like she is in a dream, the kind you have when you’ve fever and feel hot and weightless. She usually dreams she flies over a sandy beach in the early morning sun, touching the leaves of the trees. She also perceives the smell of apples just like in the fields.

How the Mongols Took Over Baghdad in 1258

It took just thirteen days for the Ilkhanate Mongols and their allies to bring the Golden Age of Islam crashing down.  Eye-witnesses reported that the mighty Tigris River ran black with ink from the precious books and documents destroyed along with the Grand Library of Baghdad, or Bayt al-Hikmah.  Nobody knows for sure how many citizens of the Abbasid Empire died; estimates range from 90,000 to 200,000 up to 1,000,000.  In two short weeks, the seat of learning and culture for the entire Muslim world was conquered and ruined. Baghdad had been a sleepy fishing village on the Tigris before it was promoted to the status of the capital city by the great Abbasid caliph al-Mansur in 762.  His grandson, Harun al-Rashid, subsidized scientists, religious scholars, poets, and artists, who flocked to the city and made it an academic jewel of the medieval world.  The scholars and writers produced countless manuscripts and books between the late 8th century and 1258.  These books were written on a new technology imported from China after the Battle of Talas River, a technology called paper.  Soon, most of the people of Baghdad were literate and well-read. Mongols Unite Far to the east of Baghdad, meanwhile, a young warrior called Temujin managed to unite the Mongols and took the title Genghis Khan.  It would be his grandson, Hulagu, who would push the boundaries of the Mongol Empire into what is now Iraq and Syria.  Hulagus primary purpose was to solidify his grip on the heartland of the Ilkhanate in Persia.  He first completely annihilated the fanatical Shiite group known as the Assassins, destroying their mountain-top stronghold in Persia, and then marched south to demand that the Abbasids capitulate. The Caliph Mustasim heard rumors of the Mongols advance but was confident that the entire Muslim world would rise up to defend its ruler if need be.  However, the Sunni caliph had recently insulted his Shiite subjects, and his own Shiite grand vizier, al-Alkamzi, may have even invited the Mongols to attack the poorly-led caliphate. Late in 1257, Hulagu sent a message to Mustasim demanding that he open the gates of Baghdad to the Mongols and their Christian allies from Georgia.  Mustasim replied that the Mongol leader should return to where he came from.  Hulagus mighty army marched on, surrounding the Abbasid capital, and slaughtering the caliphs army that sallied out to meet them.   The Mongols Attack Baghdad held out for twelve more days, but it could not withstand the Mongols.  Once the citys walls fell, the hordes rushed in and collected mountains of silver, gold, and jewels.  Hundreds of thousands of Baghdadis died, slaughtered by Hulagus troops or their Georgian allies.  Books from the Bayt al-Hikmah, or House of Wisdom, were thrown into the Tigris, supposedly, so many that a horse could have walked across the river on them. The caliphs beautiful palace of exotic woods was burned to the ground, and the caliph himself was executed.  The Mongols believed that spilling royal blood could cause natural disasters like earthquakes.  Just to be safe, they wrapped Mustasim in a carpet and rode their horses over him, trampling him to death. The fall of Baghdad signaled the end of the Abbasid Caliphate.  It was also the high point of Mongol conquest in the Middle East.  Distracted by their own dynastic politics, the Mongols made a half-hearted attempt to conquer Egypt but were defeated at the Battle of Ayn Jalut in 1280.  The Mongol Empire would grow no further in the Middle East.